During this period, the field shifted toward integrating microstructure-informed mechanisms with continuum models, emphasizing porosity and damage in metal plasticity. A porous plasticity framework was developed to model void nucleation and growth, with yield criteria and flow rules for porous media, offering a practical basis for predicting ductile fracture in metals and composites across computational methods. A nonlocal damage theory emerged to address mesh sensitivity by spatially averaging damage, and this approach built toward gradient formulations and later nonlocal or peridynamic fracture modeling.